Professor Carsten Rahbek (Globe Institute, Kbenhavns Universitet) Geological processes such as mountain building and erosion, changes in sea-level, and changes in climate cause significant, long-term changes to the structural and spatial characteristics of global biodiversity. The formation and uplift of mountain ranges constitute major geological phenomena that can have long-lasting effects on the evolutionary diversification of living organisms. Science, 2019b DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001340 178 PDF View 16 excerpts, cites background With the new '3D' floristic approach by Li et al., in combination with the rich toolbox provided by modern biogeography and geology with related science branches, genomics, as well as bioinformatics, and building on Humboldts idea of exploring the relationship between geodiversity and biodiversity, we have never been closer to truly . Rahbek C , Borregaard MK , Antonelli A , Colwell RK , Holt BG , Nogues-Bravo D , Rasmussen CM , Richardson K , Rosing MT , Whittaker RJ , Fjelds J In these two review papers for Science, printed in a thematic issue focusing on Alexander von Humboldt's contribution to science, we describe the climatic and geological impacts on ecological and evolutionary processes in mountains. Mountains play an array of roles for Earth's biodiversity and affect neighboring lowlands through biotic interchange, changes in regional climate, and nutrient runoff. La complexa xarxa d'interaccions que existeix en aquestes regions entre les estructures climtiques, biolgiques i socioculturals s . Key roles of mountains for biodiversity Over long periods of time, topographic, geological, and geophysical conditions modify the rates and properties of four key processes that determine the distribution and diversity of life on Earth: speciation, dispersal, persistence, and extinction ( Table 1 ). Building mountain biodiversity:geological and evolutionary processes. Building mountain biodiversity_geological and evolutionary processes_(accepted_version) Accepted author manuscript, 1.38 MB, PDF document. To simulate the emergence of biodiversity, the most important processes to integrate into the model are ecology (i.e. "The global pattern of biodiversity shows that mountain biodiversity exhibits a visible signature of past evolutionary processes. PubMed. (2019). . Evolutionary radiations resulting in exceptionally species-rich clades are shaping current patterns of biodiversity in the plant kingdom [1, 2].Large numbers of evolutionary radiations have been recorded in alpine plant groups [], and references therein, contributing to the high species diversity of vascular plants found in many mountain systems [4, 5]. . Rangel et al. The story of how they got there is one of the most fascinating stories in geology. We argue that mountain building, driven by plate tectonics or volcanism, creates landscape and climatic changes, ecological gradients and physical habitats that set the stage for species evolution.. In the first two sections, you will learn about the processes, theory, and methods connecting mountain building and biodiversity In the third section, you will read compelling examples from around the world exploring the links between mountains, climate and biodiversity Throughout the 31 peer-reviewed chapters, a non-technical style and . Mountain building brings up diversity. Biodiversity in the Andes results from a long and complex history mediated by ecological, historical, and evolutionary processes. We exemplify these links and discuss other factors, such as Quaternary climatic variations, which may have obscured some mountainbuilding evidence due to erosion and other processes. Mountain Building. C. Rahbek et al., Building mountain biodiversity: Geological and evolutionary processes. Place: Universitetsparken 15, Bygning 1, Auditorium A, 2100 Kbenhavn . PLoS Biol 19(7): e3001340 . between plate tectonics and mountain building, climate change and erosion over time scales extending to millions of years. 2 Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig . Crossref; . GEOLOGY/GEOPHYSICS 101 Program 8. 32. Authors. Here, we examine the processes that generate high richness in the Tropical Andes relative to other regions in South America and across different elevations within the Andes, using frogs as a model system. Mountain regions are unusually biodiverse, with rich aggregations of small-ranged species that form centers of endemism. Figure from Rahbek et al. Mountains are key features of the Earth's surface and host a substantial proportion of the world's species. Abstract. Mountain building driven by plate tectonics and volcanism provokes many geological disasters, . They provide opportunities for adaptive evolution through an increase of spatial heterogeneity of the landscape, including elevation, and the generation of a wide variety of ecologically diverse biotopes, and affect the . Imaging the various surveys in order to locate the 4D difference at its true geological location; Running a preliminary analysis of the results to ensure the reservoir evolution (porosity, permeability) and possible subsidence effects have physical meaning; Presenting status reports to the clients each week Building mountain biodiversity: Geological and evolutionary processes C Rahbek, MK Borregaard, A Antonelli, RK Colwell, BG Holt, . Cost: Alle er velkomne. M ountains are topographically complexregions formed by the interplay of tec- tonic and volcanic processes. Springer. What is . Science 365 (6458), 1114-1119 , 2019 The complexity of mountains is tightly associated with high biodiversity, but the processes underlying this association are poorly known. Global richness of vertebrates (birds, mammals and amphibians) and topography. The geologically "active region," which extends from the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, has experienced several episodes of mountain-building and volcanic activity, and as a result has a topographically complex landscape. Topographic diver-sity gradients from the present day and the past can result from the generation Krner 2003. The high biodiversity of certain mountains reflects the interplay of multiple evolutionary mechanisms: enhanced speciation rates with distinct opportunities for coexistence and persistence of lineages, shaped by long-term climatic changes interacting with topographically dynamic landscapes. Crossref. Biological evolution is complex and the buildup of mountains is certainly not the only explanation, but biological and geological processes are probably more . Mountains play an array of roles for Earth's biodiversity and affect. 2015 The building of a biodiversity hotspot across a land-bridge in the Mediterranean Proc. more biodiversity that reect geological inuences on ecological and evolutionary processes. Solving this puzzle requires researchers to generate more primary data, and better integrate available geological and climatic data into biological models of diversity and evolution. Google Scholar. Science, 365 (6458 . Here, the persistence of ancient lineages coincides with frequent speciation events, making such areas both 'cradles' (where new species arise) and 'museums' (where old species survive). Building mountain biodiversity: Geological and evolutionary processes To confront the question of why mountains are so biologically diverse, scientists at the Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate at the GLOBE Institute of the University of Copenhagen worked to synthesize understanding and data from the disparate fields of macroecology . The processes of natural selection and species evolution also result in changes to local and global flora and fauna. Biological evolution is complex and the buildup of mountains is certainly not the only explanation, but biological and geological processes are probably more . Over geologic time, topographic diversity gradients wax and wane over millions of years, tracking tectonic or climatic history. Mountains themselves document the deformational, magmatic and metamorphic history of plates, terrains and their boundaries, from the rifting of continents, to the spreading and closure of oceans, to the . linking ecological and evolutionary processes across space in . of species distributions and community assembly can provide valuable insights into the biogeographical and ecological processes that generate biodiversity . Here, we integrate multiple datasets to assess the relationships between species richness in mountains, geology and climate at global and regional scales . Mountain biodiversity bears the signature of deep-time evolutionary and ecological processes, a history well worth preserving. Richardson, K., Rosing, M. T., Whittaker, R. J., & Fjelds, J. previous studies. we determined that the evolution of leaf wing polymorphism was a gradual process in which toolkit genes were involved in . (2021) gen3sis: A general engine for eco-evolutionary simulations of the processes that shape Earth's biodiversity. The findings are published online this week in Nature Geoscience. The high biodiversity of certain mountains reflects the interplay of multiple evolutionary mechanisms: enhanced speciation rates with distinct opportunities for coexistence and persistence of lineages, shaped by long-term climatic changes interacting with topographically dynamic landscapes. Geology plays a fundamental role in shaping the biotic world around us. 282 20151116 . mountain building) or long-term climatic fluctuations that potentially affect the rates of in situ speciation and/or extinction of lineages, need to be considered (Ricklefs, Latham, & Qian, 1999), which may act in parallel on species richness . In contrast, the relatively flat Great Plains, has been more stable geologically. These geological processes, interacting with complex climate changes through time, provide ample opportunities for evolutionary processes to act. 2021. Science. In the past 40 million years, there has been a sharp increase in global tectonic activity and associated orogeny [].These geological processes, in turn, have resulted in many climatic and environmental changes, which have strongly influenced regional biological diversification [].Among the global biodiversity hotspots, mountains surrounding the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are . Alpine plant life: Functional plant ecology of high mountain ecosystems. Rahbek et al. They are also cradles to all major river systems and home to unique, and. Imaging the various surveys in order to locate the 4D difference at its true geological location; Running a preliminary analysis of the results to ensure the reservoir evolution (porosity, permeability) and possible subsidence effects have physical meaning; Presenting status reports to the clients each week This process refers to the observation that the . 2019; 365: 1114-1119. Mountain regions are unusually biodiverse, with rich aggregations of small-ranged species that form centers of endemism. Building mountain biodiversity: Geological and . Building mountain biodiversity: Geological and evolutionary processes C Rahbek, MK Borregaard, A Antonelli, RK Colwell, BG Holt, . B. Science 365 (6458), 1114-1119 , 2019 Prior studies of Mesozoic biodiversity document a diversity peak for dinosaur species in the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous, yet have failed to provide explicit causal mechanisms. We exemplify these links and discuss other factors, such as Quaternary climatic variations, which may have obscured some mountainbuilding evidence due to erosion and other processes. Reconstructing the interplay between global climate change and mountain building allows us to establish climate change histories that may serve as templates for future climate projections. Mountains are topographically complex formations that play a fundamental role in regional and continental-scale climates. Mountain building, climate cycling, and montane environmental gradients played an important part in species richness and spatial patterns in the Andes. The geologically "active region," which extends from the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, has experienced several episodes of mountain-building and volcanic activity, and as. Together with ecological interactions among organisms, they form the basis for modern biogeography. Mountain regions consist primarily of slopes, where gravity and weathering processes create increased gradients of bio-geochemical processes, resulting in increased physico-chemical impacts on abiotic ecosystem processes and living conditions; 2) Abstract: Aim: To evaluate multi-dimensional biodiversity levels of small mammals in tree line habitats across the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas (TPR), and discuss their implication for conservational strategies. The rich biodiversity in mountains is widely regarded as having Rahbek, C., Borregaard, M. K., Antonelli, A., Colwell, R. K., Holt, B. G., Nogues-Bravo, D., Fjelds, J. "Geological processes as well as global temperature fluctuations determine where and when species emerge or go extinct." . Oskar Hagen et al, gen3sis: A general engine for eco-evolutionary simulations of the processes that shape Earth's biodiversity, PLOS Biology (2021). Building mountain biodiversity: Geological and evolutionary processes. These geological processes, interacting with complex climate changes through time, provide ample opportunities for evolutionary processes to act. Mountainous areas (especially in the tropics) also happen to be extremely rich in biodiversity: they host roughly 87% of all terrestrial species, while only occupying around 15% of the Earth's terrestrial surface. A long-standing hypothesis suggests that montane biodiversity hotspots result from endemic species aggregating within ecologically stable localities. Mountain systems harbor a substantial fraction of global biodiversity and, thus, provide excellent opportunities to study rapid diversification and to understand the historical processes underlying the assembly of biodiversity hotspots. (2019). Another part of the explanation of the high biodiversity of certain mountains is linked to the geological dynamics of mountain building. Mountains play an array of roles for Earth's biodiversity and affect neighboring lowlands through biotic interchange, changes in regional climate, and nutrient runoff. R. Soc. (A) Regions with multiple long-lived geological and climatic processes modulating the landscape (region 1) may lead to greater landscape change (middle) and therefore generate higher rates of genetic diversification and speciation (right) than areas with fewer processes (region 2). Regions with complex geological histories present a major challenge for scientists studying the processes that have shaped their biotas. Mountain regions comprise the large majority of the global biodiversity hotspots and it is argued that species diversification is associated with mountain building through changes in landscape and climate followed by formation of varied and heterogeneous habitats along the elevational gradients ( Hoorn et al., 2013 ). The summit of Mount Everest: five and half miles above sea level, buried in snow and ice are marine fossils, which were deposited in a shallow sea a hundred million years ago and uplifted by unimaginable forces. It is now widely accepted that these largescale processes play a fundamental role in biotic evolution across space and time. Building mountain biodiversity: geological and evolutionary processes. Among several available biodiversity measures, the most. INTRODUCTION. Mountain regions are unusually biodiverse, with rich aggregations of small-ranged species that form centers of endemism. They are intrinsically unstable systems, under- going substantial changes in response The growth of mountain ranges in the South Island has directly influenced the evolution of New Zealand freshwater fish species, according to new research from GNS Science and the Universities of Otago and Tasmania. The history of the vast and biologically rich tropical island of New Guinea is particularly complex and poorly resolved. Another part of the explanation of the high biodiversity of certain mountains is linked to the geological dynamics of mountain building. Lying at the junction of five tectonic plates, this region has experienced a turbulent geological history that has not only produced towering mountains allowing elevational specialization . Another part of the explanation of the high biodiversity of certain mountains is linked to the geological dynamics of mountain building. Science. Mountain regions are rich in biodiversity, harboring high levels of species richness and endemism ().The generation and maintenance of mountain biodiversity ultimately depends on geological and climatic processes that promote habitat heterogeneity across these dynamic landscapes ().Glaciers and other meltwater sources enhance habitat heterogeneity of mountainous regions by shaping local . Research output: Contribution to journal Review . . Hosted by: Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening. We provide evidence that a marked increase in North American dinosaur biodiversity can be attributed to dynamic orogenic episodes within the Western Interior Basin (WIB). Key roles of mountains for biodiversity 35 Over long periods of time, topographic, geological, and geophysical conditions modify the rates and properties of four key processes determining the distribution and diversity of life on Earth: speciation, dispersal, persistence, and extinction (Table 1). Studies of the Papuan region have provided fundamental insights into both the evolutionary processes generating its exceptional biodiversity, as well support for alternative hypotheses of geological history. Detailed fossil occurrences document . Climate change in high-mountain regions: An international perspective and a look at the Pyrenees Les altes muntanyes sn una de les regions ms afectades pel canvi climtic. Mountains, with their uniquely complex environments and geology . 2018).Although mountain regions contribute disproportionally to plant diversity (Krner 2021), the reasons for this are not yet fully understood and current hypotheses still fail to completely "explain this Humboldt . it was not until 2020 that a high-resolution study of climate evolution was conducted in this mountain range (Amblar-Francs et . Alpine, but not montane, seed plants constitute a biogeographically and climatically distinct species pool across the . Evolution of diversity in warning color and mimicry: polymorphisms, shifting balance, and speciation. Building mountain biodiversity: geological and evolutionary processes. Rahbek, Carsten; Borregaard, Michael Krabbe; Alexandre Antonelli; Robert K . further expansion of protected areas would not only protect the mountain biodiversity, . . In addition to contemporary conditions, deep-time historical processes, such as geological events (e.g. Science 365, 1114-1119 (2019). Building Mountain Biodiversity: Geological and Evolutionary Processes. Building mountain biodiversity: Geological and evolutionary processes. Hartig F, Pontarp M, et al. 2019. We use the isotopic fingerprint of climate, biodiversity and geodynamic processes to understand Earth System dynamics in the geologic past. Mountains, with their uniquely complex environments and geology . (Book) Figueroa et al. These geological processes, interacting with complex . Methods: Between September 2013 and November 2018, we conducted standardized field investigations along tree line across the TPR to collect small mammals. Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening. "The global pattern of biodiversity shows that mountain biodiversity exhibits a visible signature of past evolutionary processes. We unveil additional links between mountain-building processes and biodiversity: species richness correlates with erosion rates and heterogeneity of soil types, with a . Box 2 Mountain biodiversity Biological diversity (biodiversity) describes the variation of life at all levels of biological organization 73. Geologic history (plate tectonics and orogenic or mountain-building activity), landforms (geomorphology), and lithology (parent material and substrate) influence ecological and evolutionary processes and contribute to both macro- and micro-scale patterns of biogeography. Building mountain biodiversity: Geological and evolutionary processes. 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